Oct 19 2011
Last Friday, 13 individuals who would be considered pillars of the establishment, including a former cabinet secretary, several retired secretary-level and state chief secretary-level officials, and many top-level scientists, did something stunningly unconventional. They joined haÂnds with two of India’s best-known non-government organisatioÂns, Common Cause and Centre for Public Interest Litigation, to file a writ petition in the SuÂpreme Court asking for “a safety reassessment of all nuclear facilities in India†, and “comprehensive long-term coÂsÂt-benefit analysis†of nuclÂear power, pending which there must be a stay “on all proposed nuclear plants†. They also chÂallenged the constitutional validity of the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010.
The petition comes when grassroots opposition to nuclÂear power is raging, most notably KooÂdankulam at India’s Southern tip, and Jaitapur in Maharashtra on the western coast. People living close to KoÂoÂdankulam, where two RuÂsÂsian reactors are under construction, have been thÂrough two rounds of hunger strikes in five weeks.
The first of these led to the Tamil Nadu cabinet resolving to ask the Centre to suspend project construction until people’s “apprehensions†about it are “allayed†. As discussed in this column four weeks ago, these apprehensions are genuine, strong and well-grounded both in respect of the inherent hazards of nuclear power and recent revelations about the safety problems with all Russian-designed reactors.
In deference to popular sentiment, prime minister Manmohan Singh agreed to meet civil society delegates from KoÂoÂdankulam on October 7, but treated them as if they were infants, or at best, ignorant and misguided adÂults who needed to be coÂached by a nanÂny stÂate. He first inflicted Department of Atomic Energy secretary Srikumar Banerjee upon them to lecture them on nuclear power’s virtues. When they protested, he promised he would halt work at Koodankulam. But he soon went back on his word, and told Tamil Nadu chief minister J Jayalalithaa that India needs nuclear power for “energy security†; “I count on your support†in ensuring the project’s “timely implemeÂntation†. Rather than respect the people’s informed opinion against nuclear power and conduct a thorough, independent and credible review of the economics and safety of the reactors it wants to import from Russia, France and the US, the government has decided to launch an aggressive “outreÂach†campaign to get DAE “experts†to “educate†the people. The assumption is that the peÂoÂple’s opposition is grounded in ignorance. But most leaders of the anti-Koodankulam agitation are well-informed and sensible professionals, including SP Udayakumar, who has for years taught at a good US university, M Pushparayan, a laÂwyer, and Tuticorin’s Catholic Bishop Yvon Ambroise.
But what if the DAE experts come across to the people like doÂgÂmatic men who have been brainwashed into believing that running a nuclear power plant is safer than crossing the road, and who have spent a lifetime covering up their incompetence? What if the people ask them searching questions, which they cannot answer? What if the people aren’t convinced? What should the government then do?
Should it uphold democratic principle and suspend work on the project? Or should it do what independent India’s governments have always done, by ramming projects down an unwilling people’s throats, uprooting some 45 million of them, without even resettlement, leÂave alone proper rehabilitation, thus impoverishing them and turning them destitute? The second course would propitiate the all-powerful and unaccountable nuclear bureaucracy, and reward foreign nuclear suppliers from countries that helped seal the US-India nuclear deal and ensured its endorsement by the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Former DAE secretary Anil Kakodkar outlined this logic in an article in Marathi daily Sakaal (January 5, 2011): “We have to keep in mind the commercial interests of foreign countries and of the companies there... America, Russia and France were the countries that we made mediators in these efforts to lift sanctions, and heÂnce, for the nurturing of theÂir business interests, we made deÂals with them for nuclear projects.†This won’t convince any rational person who favÂours a sustainable energy policy with reasonable safety.
How can DAE “experts†poÂssibly persuade Jaitapur’s peÂople that France’s European PrÂeÂssurised Reactor is “perfeÂctly safe†when its design hasn’t even been frozen and they have no access to it, leave alone ability to evaluate it? A 20-page report by the French Nuclear Safety Authority has highlighted a series of “gaps and weaknesses†in work being carried out at the EPR at Flamanville in Normandy. It points out a nuÂmber of differences from coÂnstruction requirements affecting 13 essential parts of the reactor, including the steam generators, water injection filters and batteries in the cooling system, as well as fabrication defects in structures supporting spent-fuel pools.
In even worse trouble is the world’s first EPR, being built in Finland. Originally meant to be completed in 2009, it has now been further delayed, from 2012 to 2014. It’s already the world’s most expensive reactor, with capital costs, last quoted, exceeding $6,000 per kilowatt, compared to $1,500 for Indian reactors. Nothing could be moÂre disastrous than importing a white elephant of a reactor uÂnÂlicensed anywhere in the woÂrld, about which 3,000 safety issues have been raised by weÂstern regulatory authorities.
(The writer Praful Bidwai is an independent commentator on political and economic issues)